gaia lovelock wikipedia

17 Jan gaia lovelock wikipedia

Giants: Enceladus, Coeus, Astraeus, Pelorus, Pallas, Emphytus, Rhoecus, Agrius, Ephialtes, Eurytus, Themoises, Theodamas, Otus, Polyboetes, and Iapetus. –) független brit tudós, szerző, kutató, környezetvédő, akit legfőképpen a Gaia-elmélet modern kori megalkotása miatt ismernek. Her existence is a speculation and controversial in the academic community. Homeros. [47], In September 2007, Lovelock and Chris Rapley proposed the construction of ocean pumps to pump water up from below the thermocline to "fertilize algae in the surface waters and encourage them to bloom". 1 Some said they were born from Uranus' blood when Cronus castrated him. While the hypothesis was readily accepted by many in the environmentalist community, it has not been widely accepted within the scientific community as a whole. The ancient sanctuary of Zeus Olympios the Athenians say was built by Deukalion (Deucalion), and they cite as evidence that Deukalion lived at Athens a grave which is not far from the present temple. [42] He has been quoted in The Guardian that 80% of humans will perish by 2100 AD, and this climate change will last 100,000 years. [13] Gaia also bore the Ourea (Mountains), and Pontus (Sea), "without sweet union of love" (i.e., with no father).[14]. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. De son frère Tartare Gaïa donna naissance à une créature terrifiante, Typhon. È uno scienziato indipendente, scrittore e ricercatore ambientalista che vive in Cornovaglia, nel sud ovest dell' Inghilterra. Gaia, una nueva visión de la vida sobre la Tierra. Il vit actuellement dans le comté de Cornouailles, en Grande-Bretagne. But when Rhea was pregnant with her youngest child, Zeus, she sought help from Gaia and Uranus. [4], The Greek name Γαῖα (Gaĩa)[5] is a mostly epic, collateral form of Attic Γῆ (Gê),[6] and Doric Γᾶ (Gã, perhaps identical to Δᾶ Dã),[7] both meaning "Earth". Lovelock said that he did create an instrument during his time studying causes of damage to living cells and tissue, which had, according to him, "almost everything you would expect in an ordinary microwave oven". Lovelock argued that Daisyworld, although a parable, illustrates how conventional natural selection operating on individual organisms can still produce planetary-scale homeostasis. He has made a study of detecting life on other planets by analysis of their atmosphere and extended this to world pollution problems. Hy is veral bekend daarvoor dat hy die Gaia-hipotese voorgestel en gepropageer het, waarin hy sê dat die aarde as 'n soort superorganisme funksioneer. [11] And after Gaia came "dim Tartarus in the depth of the wide-pathed Earth", and next Eros the god of love. In a March 2010 interview with The Guardian newspaper, he said that democracy might have to be "put on hold" to prevent climate change. He is best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the Earth functions as a self-regulating system. Next to the grove is a sanctuary of Demeter; she and her daughter [Persephone] are standing, but the image of Ge (Earth) is seated. [61][62], Lovelock married Helen Hyslop in 1942, and they had four children and lived together until 1989 when Helen died of multiple sclerosis. Most of all, he says, it's about everybody "absolutely doing their utmost to sustain civilization, so that it doesn't degenerate into Dark Ages, with warlords running things, which is a real danger. He believes that climate change is still happening, but it will be felt farther in the future. Gaia is the personification of the Earth, and these are her offspring as related in various myths. Lovelock refused to use the shaved and anaesthetised rabbits that were used as burn victims, and exposed his own skin to heat radiation instead, an experience he describes as "exquisitely painful". He has been an outspoken member of Environmentalists for Nuclear, asserting that fossil fuel interests have been behind opposition to nuclear energy, citing the effects of carbon dioxide as being more harmful to the environment, and warning of global warming due to the greenhouse effect. as Rhea or Gaia; the title was later applied in Greek texts to Artemis. It may be necessary to put democracy on hold for a while. Juli 1919 in Letchworth Garden City, England) ist ein unabhängiger britischer Wissenschaftler mit Abschlüssen in Chemie, Medizin und Biophysik. It was thus said: "That word spoken from tree-clad mother Gaia's (Earth's) navel-stone [Delphoi]. s. v.; Phot. The greens use guilt. [57], Sustainable retreat is a concept developed by James Lovelock in order to define the necessary changes to human settlement and dwelling at the global scale with the purpose of adapting to global warming and preventing its expected negative consequences on humans. She is the mother of Uranus (the sky), from whose sexual union she bore the Titans (themselves parents of many of the Olympian gods), the Cyclopes, and the Giants ; of Pontus (the sea), from whose union she bore the primordial sea gods. Gaia hipotezi ilk olarak, James Lovelock'un, Mars'taki yaşamı saptama yöntemleri üzerine NASA adına yaptığı bağımsız bir araştırmanın yan ürünü olarak formüle edildi. Man betrachtete ihn gerne als einen, der sich um die alte Dame, die Mutter Erde, kümmern wollte. After hearing a lecture on the subject of Lovelock's results,[29] they embarked on research that resulted in the first published paper that suggested a link between stratospheric CFCs and ozone depletion in 1974 (for which Sherwood and Molina later shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul Crutzen).[30]. You never know the truth. His son by Elara, the giant Tityos, is therefore sometimes said to be a son of Gaia, the earth goddess. While designing scientific instruments for NASA, he developed the Gaia hypothesis. Kniha patří k základním textům environmentální literatury, a proto se dočkala mnoha cizojazyčných překladů (česky v roce 1994) a několika vydání. A lifelong inventor, Lovelock has created and developed many scientific instruments, some of which were designed for NASA in its planetary exploration program. Lovelock, James (2006). On 8 May 2012, he appeared on the Radio Four series The Life Scientific, talking to Jim al-Khalili about the Gaia hypothesis. [50] Other researchers have claimed that "this scheme would bring water with high natural pCO2 levels (associated with the nutrients) back to the surface, potentially causing exhalation of CO2". The Viking program, which visited Mars in the late 1970s, was motivated in part to determine whether Mars supported life, and many of the sensors and experiments that were ultimately deployed aimed to resolve this issue. Further experiments to search for life on Mars have been carried out by further space probes, for instance by NASA'S Curiosity Rover which landed in 2012. [73] Lovelock agreed to sit for sculptor Jon Edgar in Devon during 2007, as part of The Environment Triptych (2008)[74] along with heads of Mary Midgley and Richard Mabey. "[43] The Temple of Zeus Olympios in Athens reportedly had an enclosure of Ge Olympia: [Within the sanctuary of Zeus Olympios in the lower town of Athens :] Within the precincts are antiquities : a bronze Zeus, a temple of Kronos (Cronus) and Rhea and an enclosure of Ge (Earth) surnamed Olympia. Gaia is believed by some sources[33] to be the original deity behind the Oracle at Delphi. [18] However, when they were finally launched to Mars, the Viking probes still searched (unsuccessfully) for extant life there. Lovelock definió Gaia como: una ciudad compleja que implica a la biosfera, atmósfera, océanos y tierra; constituyendo en su totalidad un sistema cibernético o retroalimentado que busca un entorno físico y químico óptimo para la vida en el planeta. [44], He criticizes environmentalists for treating global warming like a religion.[44]. Lovelock ist eine Stadt im US-Bundesstaat Nevada. [19], Because Cronus had learned from Gaia and Uranus that he was destined to be overthrown by one of his children, he swallowed each of the children born to him by his Titan older sister, Rhea. I’m astonished that they published this. Will it not poison the whole biosphere and persist for millions of years?" s. v.). [9][10], Hesiod's Theogony tells how, after Chaos, "wide-bosomed" Gaia (Earth) arose to be the everlasting seat of the immortals who possess Olympus above. In his 1988 book The Ages of Gaia he states: I have never regarded nuclear radiation or nuclear power as anything other than a normal and inevitable part of the environment. Dateiverwendung Die folgende Seite verwendet diese Datei: [44], In Athens, there was a statue of Gaia on the Acropolis depicting her beseeching Zeus for rain[45] as well as an image of her close to the court of the Areopagos in Athens, alongside the statues of Plouton and Hermes, "by which sacrifice those who have received an acquittal on the Areopagos".[46]. [58], Lovelock thinks the time is past for sustainable development, and that we have come to a time when development is no longer sustainable. In 1988 he made an extended appearance on the Channel 4 television programme After Dark, alongside Heathcote Williams and Petra Kelly, among others. [14] He later abandoned his conscientious objection in the light of Nazi atrocities, and tried to enlist in the armed forces, but was told that his medical research was too valuable for the enlistment to be approved. Aside from her temples, Gaia had altars as well as sacred spaces in the sanctuaries of other gods. From Uranus' spilled blood, Gaia produced the Erinyes, the Giants, and the Meliae (ash-tree nymphs). Die Erde sei ein intelligentes System, das es zu schützen gelte. [N.B. [23] According to the mythographer Apollodorus, Gaia and Tartarus were the parents of Echidna.[24]. [16] He spent the next two decades working at London's National Institute for Medical Research. He further predicted, the average temperature in temperate regions would increase by as much as 8 °C and by up to 5 °C in the tropics, leaving much of the world's land uninhabitable and unsuitable for farming, with northerly migrations and new cities created in the Arctic. [24] He served as the president of the Marine Biological Association (MBA) from 1986 to 1990, and has been an Honorary Visiting Fellow of Green Templeton College, Oxford (formerly Green College, Oxford) since 1994. Chthonic Gaia receives a black animal, heavenly Helios a white one.][32]. Byla vydána v roce 1988 v nakladatelství W. W. Norton. [28] He has since stated that he meant "no conceivable toxic hazard". He also claims to have invented the microwave oven [5]. Afterwards with Uranus, her son, she gave birth to the Titans, as Hesiod tells it: She lay with Heaven and bore deep-swirling Oceanus, Coeus and Crius and Hyperion and Iapetus, Theia and Rhea, Themis and Mnemosyne and gold-crowned Phoebe and lovely Tethys. Nellie Anne E. Lovelock, DoB = 18 Dec 1887, GRO Register of Marriages: JUN 1915 1a 1046 FULHAM. Visiting Fellow, 1994–2012); Fellow, Birkbeck, University of London, since 2007 – WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO", "This much I know: James Lovelock, scientist, 86, Devon", "James Lovelock – Independent Scientist, Inventor & Author", "James Lovelock by Anne Purkiss | Flickr – Photo Sharing! Zijn grootste bekendheid ontleent hij aan het bedenken en uitdragen van de Gaia-hypothese, waarin hij stelt dat de Aarde functioneert als een soort superorganisme. In 2004 he caused a media sensation when he broke with many fellow environmentalists by pronouncing that "only nuclear power can now halt global warming". [35], In an April 2012 interview, aired on MSNBC, Lovelock stated that he had been "alarmist", using the words "All right, I made a mistake," about the timing of climate change and noted the documentary An Inconvenient Truth and the book The Weather Makers as examples of the same kind of alarmism. The hypothesis proposes that living organisms and inorganic material are part of a dynamical system that shapes the Earth's biosphere, and maintains the Earth as a fit environment for life. I knew this to be a nightmare fantasy wholly without substance in the real world... One of the striking things about places heavily contaminated by radioactive nuclides is the richness of their wildlife. James E. Lovelock, mmn = March, GRO Register of Births: JUN 1873 2a 282 WANTAGE. [8] Robert S. P. Beekes suggested a Pre-Greek origin. There’s nothing much really happening yet. Similarly the warming of the oceans is extending the oceanic thermocline layer of tropical oceans into the Arctic and Antarctic waters, preventing the rise of oceanic nutrients into the surface waters and eliminating the algal blooms of phytoplankton on which oceanic food chains depend. [20][28] He found the gas in each of the 50 air samples that he collected but, not realising that the breakdown of CFCs in the stratosphere would release chlorine that posed a threat to the ozone layer, concluded that the level of CFCs constituted "no conceivable hazard". He invented the instrument for the purpose of heating up frozen hamsters in a way that caused less suffering to the animals, as opposed to the traditional way which involved putting red hot spoons on the animals' chest to heat them up. "[34] Depending on the source, Gaia passed her powers on to Poseidon, Apollo, or Themis. The concept of sustainable retreat emphasized a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs with lower levels and/or less environmentally harmful types of resources. Lovelock states the following in order to explain the concept:[59], Retreat, in his view, means it's time to start talking about changing where we live and how we get our food; about making plans for the migration of millions of people from low-lying regions like Bangladesh into Europe; about admitting that New Orleans is a goner and moving the people to cities better positioned for the future. Lovelock believes that "you would find the life of me and my wife Sandy to be an unusually happy one in simple beautiful but unpretentious surroundings. To Lovelock, the stark contrast between the Martian atmosphere and chemically dynamic mixture of the Earth's biosphere was strongly indicative of the absence of life on Mars. Eclog. Ihre Geschwister sind Tartaros, Eros, Erebos und Nyx. He has many inventions, including a gas chromatograph, which will be used to investigate planetary atmospheres. je vědecký model předpokládající, že Země je superorganismus, který je schopný autoregulace pomocí organismů, žijících na zemi. [25], In Novacene (2019) Lovelock proposes that benevolent superintelligence may take over and save the ecosystem, and states that the machines will need to keep organic life around to keep the planet's temperature habitable for electronic life. He invented the electron capture detector, and using it, became t You can’t win people round by saying they are guilty for putting (carbon dioxide) in the air. However, in the biological case, ecological competition between "daisy" species with different albedo values produces a homeostatic effect on global temperature. [15], According to Hesiod, Gaia conceived further offspring with her son, Uranus, first the giant one-eyed Cyclopes: Brontes ("Thunder"), Steropes ("Lightning"), and Arges ("Bright");[16] then the Hecatonchires: Cottus, Briareos, and Gyges, each with a hundred arms and fifty heads. In Lovelock's 2006 book, The Revenge of Gaia, he argues that the lack of respect humans have had for Gaia, through the damage done to rainforests and the reduction in planetary biodiversity, is testing Gaia's capacity to minimize the effects of the addition of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Hipotezi ilk olarak 1970'li yılların başlarında makaleler olarak yazmıştır. [5][6][7][8][9][10] Nell, his mother, won a scholarship to a grammar school but was unable to take it up, and started work at 13 in a pickle factory. We were supposed to be halfway toward a frying world now. Lovelock, James. Heeren. With a PhD in medicine, Lovelock began his career performing cryopreservation experiments on rodents, including successfully thawing frozen specimens. Život. James Ephraim Lovelock (Letchworth, 26 Julie 1919) is 'n voormalige onafhanklike wetenskaplike, skrywer, navorser en omgewingskundige. [43] He continued: Even the best democracies agree that when a major war approaches, democracy must be put on hold for the time being. More commonly held to be child of Phorcys and Ceto, More commonly held to be child of Gaia alone. He believes that at the time, nobody had gone that far and made an embodiment of an actual microwave oven. For they say that in the earliest times the oracular seat belonged to Earth, who appointed as prophetess at it Daphnis, one of the nymphs of the mountain. Among its most prominent critics were the evolutionary biologists Richard Dawkins, Ford Doolittle, and Stephen Jay Gould, a convergence of opinion among a trio whose views on other scientific matters often diverged. However, the experiment did provide the first useful data on the ubiquitous presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. [34] In the non-biological case, the temperature of this planet simply tracks the energy received from the star. Referências Ver também. [44], In the MSNBC article Lovelock is quoted as proclaiming:[35]. Gaia or Ge had at least three sanctuaries in Greece which were mentioned by Pausanias. Therefore, we need to retreat. [18], By her son, Pontus, Gaia bore the sea-deities Nereus, Thaumas, Phorcys, Ceto, and Eurybia. Any woman who may chance not to speak the truth is immediately punished as a result of this test. Az elméletet kezdetben kritikával illették, mivel teleologikusnak és a természetes szelekci ó elveinek ellentmondónak tűnt. This is a Roman name of a deity with no Greek counterpart. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaia&oldid=999980772, Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Dass James Lovelock das unablässig agierende, sich selbst erhaltende System nach der griechischen Göttin der Erde „Gaia“ nannte, war, was sein Ansehen in der Wissenschaft anging, eher schädlich. S touto teorií poprvé přišel v 60. letech 20. století vědec, klimatolog a chemik Sir James Lovelock a pojmenoval ji (na podnět Williama Goldinga) podle řecké bohyně Gaii. Este texto é disponibilizado nos termos da licença A A scheme similar to that proposed by Lovelock and Rapley is already being independently developed by a commercial company. She is the mother of Uranus (the sky), from whose sexual union she bore the Titans (themselves parents of many of the Olympian gods), the Cyclopes, and the Giants; of Pontus (the sea), from whose union she bore the primordial sea gods. James Ephraim Lovelock (Letchworth Garden City, 1919. július 26. Tom Arthur Lovelock, GRO Register of Deaths: MAR 1957 5b 206 BROMLEY. James Ephraim Lovelock, CH, CBE, FRS (* 26. Being a chthonic deity, black animals were sacrificed to her: [Sacrifices to the gods as witnesses of an oath :] Bring two lambs : let one be white and the other black for Gaia (Earth) and Helios (Sun). "[71], In March 2012, the National Portrait Gallery[72] unveiled a new portrait of Lovelock by British artist Michael Gaskell (2011). A New Look at Life on Earth" e co-sviluppata dalla microbiologa Lynn Margulis negli anni '70. This eliminates the planet's negative feedbacks and increases the likelihood of homeostatic positive feedback potential associated with runaway global warming. In Athenian vase painting she was shown as a matronly woman only half risen from the earth, often in the act of handing the baby Erichthonius, a future king of Athens, to Athena to foster). [70] Lovelock was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974. [36] Hera punished Apollo for this by sending him to King Admetus as a shepherd for nine years. . [14][11][69] He fell in love with his second wife, Sandy, at the age of 73. [39] Veřejnosti je znám zejména jako autor a popularizátor teorie Gaia, jako silný zastánce jaderné energetiky i jako autorita v oblasti výzkumu globálního oteplování. James Lovelock hat Generationen mit seiner Gaia-Hypothese begeistert. Thesm. There is absolutely no evidence that climate engineering options work or even go in the right direction. Rachel Carson; Hipótese de Medeia; Mãe Terra; Ambientalismo; Richard Dawkins; Permacultura; Autopoiese; Esta página foi editada pela última vez às 01h31min de 5 de dezembro de 2019. It just so happens that the green religion is now taking over from the Christian religion. In ancient times, Gaia was mainly worshiped alongside Demeter and as a part of the cult of Demeter and does not seem to have had a separate cult. The damage caused to the ozone layer by the photolysis of CFCs was later discovered by Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina. File:James Lovelock in 2005.jpg cropped 78 % horizontally, 58 % vertically, rotated -5° using CropTool with precise mode. James Ephraim Lovelock, né le 26 juillet 1919 à Letchworth Garden City en Angleterre, est un penseur, scientifique et environnementaliste indépendant britannique. Drawing from the research of Alfred C. Redfield and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Lovelock first formulated the Gaia hypothesis in the 1960s resulting from his work for NASA concerned with detecting life on Mars. Before any geoengineering is put to work a massive amount of research is needed – research which will take 20 to 30 years". Teorie Gaii, nebo též Hypotéza Gaia (nebo také Gaea), [zdroj?] Allen Lane. [18] The hypothesis proposes that living and non-living parts of the Earth form a complex interacting system that can be thought of as a single organism. [56] Lovelock subsequently said that his proposal was intended to stimulate interest and research would be the next step. His work generally shows remarkable originality, simplicity and ingenuity. It was while working as a consultant for NASA that Lovelock developed the Gaia hypothesis, for which he is most widely known. In the mid-1950s, Lovelock experimented with the cryopreservation of rodents, determining that hamsters could be frozen with 60% of the water in the brain crystallized into ice with no adverse effects recorded. [46] On the other hand, if instead life becomes entirely electronic, "so be it: we played our part and newer, younger actors are already appearing on stage". The test applied is drinking bull's blood. From the testicles of Uranus in the sea came forth Aphrodite. James Ephraim Lovelock (s.26. These (and other) critics have questioned how natural selection operating on individual organisms can lead to the evolution of planetary-scale homeostasis.[33]. Epigr. . Writing in the British newspaper The Independent in January 2006, Lovelock argued that, as a result of global warming, "billions of us will die and the few breeding pairs of people that survive will be in the Arctic where the climate remains tolerable" by the end of the 21st century. Lovelock lag im Zentrum des Humboldt Projects. ", "James Lovelock at 100: A voice we ignore, but at our peril", "Nuclear power is the only green solution", "Why Gaia is wreaking revenge on our abuse of the environment", Listen to an oral history interview with James Lovelock, History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group, Dr. Lovelock Lectures on The Vanishing Face of Gaia, Audio: James Lovelock in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show, Reflections on meeting James Lovelock and a recent interview with him, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Lovelock&oldid=997460413, Alumni of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Commanders of the Order of the British Empire, Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Rockefeller Travelling Fellowship in Medicine, Arne Naess Chair in Global Justice and the Environment (2007), This page was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 16:36. After leaving school Lovelock worked at a photography firm, attending Birkbeck College during the evenings, before being accepted to study chemistry at the University of Manchester, where he was a student of the Nobel Prize laureate Professor Alexander Todd. In The Revenge of Gaia[40] (2006), where he puts forward the concept of sustainable retreat, Lovelock writes: A television interviewer once asked me, "But what about nuclear waste? [12] Hesiod goes on to say that Gaia brought forth her equal Uranus (Heaven, Sky) to "cover her on every side". His methods were influential in the theories of cryonics. Il est spécialiste des sciences de l'atmosphère. [60] Lovelock was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to the study of the Science and Atmosphere in the 1990 New Year Honours and a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) for services to Global Environment Science in the 2003 New Year Honours. (In 2012, Lovelock distanced himself from these conclusions, saying he had "gone too far" in describing the consequences of climate change over the next century in this book. There is extant among the Greeks an hexameter poem, the name of which is Eumolpia, and it is assigned to Musaeus, son of Antiophemus. But afterwards, Gaia, in union with Tartarus, bore the youngest of her sons Typhon, who would be the last challenge to the authority of Zeus. He suggested that "we have to keep in mind the awesome pace of change and realise how little time is left to act, and then each community and nation must find the best use of the resources they have to sustain civilisation for as long as they can."[42]. Greek text available from the same website, Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

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